Today we are excited to announce a brand new open source library: Concurrency Extras. It includes tools to help make your concurrent Swift code more versatile and more testable. Join us for a quick overview of some of the tools provided:

• Serial execution

• ActorIsolated and LockIsolated

• Streams

• Tasks

• UncheckedSendable

By far the most powerful tool provided by this library is withMainSerialExecutor. This function allows you to execute a block of code in such a way that all async tasks spawned within it will be run serially on the main thread.

This can be incredibly useful in tests since testing async code is notoriously difficult due to how suspension points are processed by the runtime. Using withMainSerialExecutor can help make your tests deterministic, less flakey, and massively speed them up.

Note that running async tasks serially does not mean that multiple concurrent tasks are not able to interleave. Suspension of async tasks still works just as you would expect, but all actual work run is run on the unique, main thread.

For example, consider the following simple ObservableObject implementation for a feature that wants to count the number of times a screenshot is taken of the screen:

class FeatureModel: ObservableObject {
  @Published var count = 0

  @MainActor
  func onAppear() async {
    let screenshots = NotificationCenter.default.notifications(
      named: UIApplication.userDidTakeScreenshotNotification
    )
    for await _ in screenshots {
      count += 1
    }
  }
}

This is quite a simple feature, but in the future it could start doing more complicated things, such as performing a network request when it detects a screenshot being taken. So, it would be great if we could get some test coverage on this feature. To do this we can create a model, and spin up a new task to invoke the onAppear method so that it runs in parallel to the rest of the test:

func testBasics() async {
  let model = ViewModel()
  let task = Task { await model.onAppear() }
}

Then we can use Task.yield() to allow the subscription of the stream of notifications to start:

func testBasics() async {
  let model = ViewModel()
  let task = Task { await model.onAppear() }

  // Give the task an opportunity to start executing its work.
  await Task.yield()
}

Then we can simulate the user taking a screenshot by posting a notification:

func testBasics() async {
  let model = ViewModel()
  let task = Task { await model.onAppear() }

  // Give the task an opportunity to start executing its work.
  await Task.yield()

  // Simulate a screen shot being taken.
  NotificationCenter.default.post(
    name: UIApplication.userDidTakeScreenshotNotification,
    object: nil
  )
}

And then finally we can yield again to process the new notification and assert that the count incremented by 1:

func testBasics() async {
  let model = ViewModel()
  let task = Task { await model.onAppear() }

  // Give the task an opportunity to start executing its work.
  await Task.yield()

  // Simulate a screen shot being taken.
  NotificationCenter.default.post(
    name: UIApplication.userDidTakeScreenshotNotification,
    object: nil
  )

  // Give the task an opportunity to update the view model.
  await Task.yield()

  XCTAssertEqual(model.count, 1)
}

This seems like a perfectly reasonable test, and it does pass…sometimes. If you run it enough times you will eventually get a failure (about 6% of the time as of Xcode 14.3). This is happening because sometimes the single Task.yield() is not enough for the subscription to the notifications to actually start. In that case we will post the notification before we have actually subscribed, causing a test failure.

If we wrap the entire test in withMainSerialExecutor, then it will pass deterministically, 100% of the time:

func testBasics() async {
  await withMainSerialExecutor {
    …
  }
}

This is because now all tasks are enqueued serially by the main executor, and so when we Task.yield we can be sure that the onAppear method will execute until it reaches a suspension point. This guarantees that the subscription to the stream of notifications will start when we expect it to.

You can also use withMainSerialExecutor to wrap an entire test case by overriding the invokeTest method:

final class FeatureModelTests: XCTestCase {
  override func invokeTest() {
    withMainSerialExecutor {
      super.invokeTest()
    }
  }
  …
}

Now the entire FeatureModelTests test case will be run on the main, serial executor.

Note that by using withMainSerialExecutor you are technically making your tests behave in a manner that is different from how they would run in production. However, many tests written on a day-to-day basis do not invoke the full-blown vagaries of concurrency. Instead, tests often want to assert that when some user action happens, an async unit of work is executed, and that causes some state to change. Such tests should be written in a way that is 100% deterministic.

And even Apple agrees. They use a similar technique in their Async Algorithms package, and in the documentation of one of their test helpers they justify why they think their manner of testing async sequences truly does test reality even though they are altering the runtime that schedules async work (emphasis ours):

Note

Testing is a critical area of focus for any package to make it robust, catch bugs, and explain the expected behaviors in a documented manner. Testing things that are asynchronous can be difficult, testing things that are asynchronous multiple times can be even more difficult.

Types that implement AsyncSequence can often be described in deterministic actions given particular inputs. For the inputs, the events can be described as a discrete set: values, errors being thrown, the terminal state of returning a nil value from the iterator, or advancing in time and not doing anything. Likewise, the expected output has a discrete set of events: values, errors being caught, the terminal state of receiving a nil value from the iterator, or advancing in time and not doing anything.

Just as async sequences can often be described with a determinstic sequences of inputs that lead to a deterministic sequence of outputs, the same is true of user actions in an application. And so we too feel that many of the tests we write on a daily basis can be run inside withMainSerialExecutor and that we are not weakening the strength of those tests in the least.

However, if your code has truly complex asynchronous and concurrent operations, then it may be handy to write two sets of tests: one set that targets the main executor (using withMainSerialExecutor) so that you can deterministically assert how the core system behaves, and then another set that targets the default, global executor. The latter tests will probably need to make weaker assertions due to non-determinism, but can still assert on some things.

The ActorIsolated and LockIsolated types help wrap other values in an isolated context. ActorIsolated wraps the value in an actor so that the only way to access and mutate the value is through an async/await interface. LockIsolated wraps the value in a class with a lock, which allows you to read and write the value with a synchronous interface. You should prefer to use ActorIsolated when you have access to an asynchronous context.

For example, suppose you have a feature such that when a button is tapped you track some analytics:

struct AnalyticsClient {
  var track: (String) async -> Void
}

class FeatureModel: ObservableObject {
  let analytics: AnalyticsClient
  …
  func buttonTapped() {
    …
    await analytics.track("Button tapped")
  }
}

Then, in tests we can construct an analytics client that appends events to a mutable array rather than actually sending events to an analytics server. However, in order to do this a concurrency-safe way we should use an actor, and ActorIsolated makes this easy:

func testAnalytics() async {
  let events = ActorIsolated<[String]>([])
  let analytics = AnalyticsClient(
    track: { event in
      await events.withValue { $0.append(event) }
    }
  )
  let model = FeatureModel(analytics: analytics)
  model.buttonTapped()
  await events.withValue {
    XCTAssertEqual($0, ["Button tapped"])
  }
}

We also offer a tool to synchronously isolate a value, called LockIsolated.

The library comes with numerous helper APIs spread across the two Swift stream types:

• There are helpers that convert any AsyncSequence conformance to either concrete stream type. This allows you to treat the stream type as a kind of “type erased” AsyncSequence.

  For example, suppose you have a dependency client like this:

  struct ScreenshotsClient {
    var screenshots: () -> AsyncStream<Void>
  }
  

  Then you can construct a live implementation that “erases” the NotificationCenter.Notifications async sequence to a stream by using the eraseToStream method:

  extension ScreenshotsClient {
    static let live = Self(
      screenshots: {
        NotificationCenter.default
          .notifications(
            named: UIApplication
              .userDidTakeScreenshotNotification
          )
          .map { _ in }
          .eraseToStream()
      }
    )
  }
  

  Use eraseToThrowingStream() to propagate failures from throwing async sequences.

  Note that care must be taken when “erasing” async sequences to streams. The AsyncStream and AsyncThrowingStream types do not support multiple subscribers, and so you may need to create multiple streams from a single sequence to support that behavior. This is unfortunately the best we can do until Swift gets the features necessary to support something like any AsyncSequence<Element>.

• There is an API for simultaneously constructing a stream and its backing continuation. This can be handy in tests when overriding a dependency endpoint that returns a stream:

  let screenshots = AsyncStream.makeStream(of: Void.self)
  let model = FeatureModel(screenshots: screenshots.stream)
  
  XCTAssertEqual(model.screenshotCount, 0)
  // Simulate a screenshot being taken.
  screenshots.continuation.yield()
  XCTAssertEqual(model.screenshotCount, 1)
  

  Note that this method will be superseded by the official method coming to Swift 5.9 thanks to this accepted proposal.

• Static AsyncStream.never and AsyncThrowingStream.never helpers are provided that represent streams that live forever and never emit. They can be handy in tests that need to override a dependency endpoint with a stream that should suspend and never emit for the duration test.

• Static AsyncStream.finished and AsyncThrowingStream.finished(throwing:) helpers are provided that represents streams that complete immediately without emitting. They can be handy in tests that need to override a dependency endpoint with a stream that completes/fails immediately.

The library comes with a static function, Task.never(), that can asynchronously return a value of any type, but does so by suspending forever. This can be useful for satisfying a dependency requirement in a way that does not require you to actually return data from that endpoint.

A wrapper type that can make any type Sendable, but in an unsafe and unchecked way. This type should only be used as an alternative to @preconcurrency import, which turns off concurrency checks for everything in the library. Whereas UncheckedSendable allows you to turn off concurrency warnings for just one single usage of a particular type.

While SE-0302 mentions future work of “Adaptor Types for Legacy Codebases”, including an UnsafeTransfer type that serves the same purpose, it has not landed in Swift.

If any of this sounds useful to you, be sure to check the Concurrency Extras library today, and start writing tests for your async code today.